Marble is a porous stone, full of microscopic gaps in its surface. A coffee cup left on the bench, or a drip that sits for even a few minutes, has time to soak below the surface before anyone notices. Once it is in the stone rather than on it, wiping does nothing, because there is nothing left on top to wipe.
Coffee is also mildly acidic, so a mark left too long can pick up a second problem alongside the stain: a faint etch underneath it, which looks like a dull patch rather than a brown one.

